Biotechnological Approaches for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biological Resources

Biodiversity provides the biological foundation for ecosystem functioning, food production, human health and environmental sustainability, yet rapid habitat loss, climate change, pollution, invasive species and overexploitation are accelerating the degradation of biological resources. Conventional conservation approaches remain essential but are increasingly being complemented by modern biotechnological tools capable of detecting, monitoring, conserving and restoring biodiversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels. Molecular markers, DNA barcoding, environmental DNA, genomic analysis, cryopreservation, tissue culture, assisted reproduction, microbial biotechnology, bioinformatics and emerging genome-editing technologies provide new opportunities for biodiversity assessment and conservation. Biotechnology can also support sustainable utilization of biological resources through the development of bio-based products, microbial inoculants, enzymes, biopolymers and other value-added materials. Environmental biotechnology contributes to habitat recovery through bioremediation, wastewater treatment and restoration of contaminated ecosystems. The integration of biotechnology with ecological monitoring, conservation biology and community participation can improve the effectiveness of biodiversity management while reducing pressure on natural resources. This review discusses major biotechnological approaches for biodiversity assessment, genetic conservation, species recovery, ecosystem restoration and sustainable biological-resource utilization. Future conservation strategies should integrate molecular technologies with ecological knowledge, ethical safeguards, community participation and long-term environmental monitoring.